English–Chinese Abstract Collection
Abstract of Innovation in Engineering
English–Chinese Abstract Collection
Recognition of human walking and running actions using temporal foot-lift features
基于时间序列抬脚特征的人体步行与跑步动作识别
Khin Cho Tun, Hla Myo Tun, Lei Lei Yin Win, Khin Kyu Kyu Win
Department of Electronic Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.1
Abstract
The recognition of human walking and running actions becomes essential part of many different practical applications such as smart video-surveillance, patient and elderly people monitoring, health care as well as human-robot interaction. However, the requirements of a large spatial information and a large number of frames for each recognition phase are still open challenges. Aiming at reducing the number frames and joint information required, temporal foot-lift features were introduced in this study. The temporal foot-lift features and weighted KNN classifier were used to recognize “Walkin and “Running” actions from four different human action datasets. Half of the datasets were trained and the other half of datasets were experimentally tested for performance evaluation. The experimental results were presented and explained with justifications. An overall recognition accuracy of 88.6% was achieved using 5 frames and it was 90.7% when using 7 frames. The performance of proposed method was compared with the performances of existing methods. Skeleton joint information and temporal foot-lift features are promising features for real-time human moving action recognition.
摘要
人体步行与跑步动作识别是智能视频监控、患者与老年人监护、医疗保健以及人机交互等众多实际应用中的关键组成部分。然而，在每次动作识别过程中，仍然面临需要大量空间信息和较多视频帧的挑战。为减少动作识别所需的视频帧数量及关节信息，本研究提出了一种基于时间序列抬脚特征（temporal foot-lift features）的方法。研究采用时间序列抬脚特征结合加权K近邻（Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor, Weighted KNN）分类器，对来自四个不同人体动作数据集中的“步行（Walking）”和“跑步（Running）”动作进行识别。实验中，将每个数据集的一半用于训练，另一半用于性能测试与评估。实验结果进行了展示，并结合相关依据进行了分析与解释。结果表明，当采用5帧数据进行识别时，整体识别准确率达到88.6%；当采用7帧数据时，识别准确率提高至90.7%。此外，本文还将所提出方法的性能与现有方法进行了比较。研究结果表明，人体骨架关节信息与时间序列抬脚特征能够作为一种具有良好应用前景的特征组合，用于实时人体运动动作识别。
Keywords: Moving action recognition; Skeleton joint data; Foot-lift feature; Smart surveillance system; Human action
关键词 : 动作识别；骨架关节数据；抬脚特征；智能监控系统；人体动作
How to Cite: Tun, K. C., Tun, H. M., Win, L. L. Y., & Win, K. K. K. (2024). Recognition human walking and running actions using temporal foot-lift features. Innovation in Engineering, 1(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.1
Enhancing the performance of V Rossi wheels for motorcycles through finite element analysis using Solidworks
基于 Solidworks 有限元分析提升 V Rossi 摩托车车轮性能
Fathony Arifin, Farid R. Vafazov
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
Panfilov Kazakh-Russian Specialized School-Lyceum, Kazakhstan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.3
Abstract
Enhancing motorcycle wheel performance has significant implications for rider stability, maneuverability, and comfort. In this context, finite element analysis has emerged as a crucial method for understanding and enhancing wheel performance. This study aims to delve into the potential of utilizing Solidworks to elevate the performance of V Rossi motorcycle wheels. By blending contemporary engineering principles with advanced simulation technology, the research presents a structural analysis and response of V Rossi wheels to various load conditions. Through innovative design and the integration of Solidworks Simulation, the study seeks to provide profound insights into the motorcycle industry. Solidworks proficiently calculates strain and stress on motorcycle wheel rims, facilitating numeric computation and streamlined design processes. Additionally, Solidworks adeptly handles scaling and meshing while accurately determining the strain and stress required for the wheel rims. The V Rossi wheels are ideally suited for contemporary usage with the ever-evolving modern landscape and the current millennial era.
摘要
提升摩托车车轮性能对于骑行稳定性、操控性能以及骑乘舒适性具有重要意义。在此背景下，有限元分析已成为理解和优化车轮性能的重要方法。本研究旨在探讨利用 Solidworks 软件提升 V Rossi 摩托车车轮性能的潜力。通过结合现代工程原理与先进仿真技术，研究分析了 V Rossi 车轮在不同载荷条件下的结构响应及其性能表现。借助创新设计理念与 Solidworks Simulation 的集成应用，本研究为摩托车行业提供了有价值的工程见解。Solidworks 能够高效计算摩托车轮辋的应变与应力，实现数值分析并优化设计流程。此外，该软件还能有效完成模型缩放与网格划分，并准确预测车轮所承受的应变和应力。研究结果表明，V Rossi 车轮能够满足现代道路环境及当代用户需求，为现代摩托车应用提供了良好的性能表现。
Keywords: V Rossi wheel; Motorcycle; Finite element analysis; Solidworks; Wheel performance; Stress; Strain
关键词： V Rossi 车轮；摩托车；有限元分析；Solidworks；车轮性能；应力；应变
How to Cite: Arifin, F., & Vafazov, F. R. (2024). Enhancing the performance of V Rossi wheels for motorcycles through finite element analysis using Solidworks. Innovation in Engineering, 1(1). 21-30. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.3
Hitting the material rail: An exploration of the comparison between Alloy Steel and AISI 1020
轨道材料性能研究：合金钢与 AISI 1020 的比较分析
Rendy Satriawan, Zhazira A. Baltabekova
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation JSC, Satbayev University, Kazakhstan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.4
Abstract
The rail track is a component that directly interfaces with the wheels. Generally, rail tracks serve as the foundation for trains, trams, and similar vehicles, bearing the friction and pressure from the wheels. Rail tracks have the potential for cracking and breaking due to various loads. Many studies have investigated the factors causing rail track fractures. This article employs the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method using Solidworks research license software. In this simulation, two rail tracks with different materials, AISI 1020 and Alloy Steel, are numerically studied using Solidworks software to determine the most effective material for mitigating the risk of rail track fractures. The fracture risk is then calculated based on the material's fracture strength. The simulation results indicate that the fracture risk of rail tracks using Alloy Steel is lower than that of AISI 1020, thus recommending Alloy Steel as the more suitable material for rail tracks.
摘要
钢轨是直接与车轮接触的重要部件，通常作为铁路列车、有轨电车及类似轨道交通工具的承载基础，并承受车轮运行过程中产生的摩擦力和压力。在长期服役过程中，钢轨可能因承受多种载荷而产生裂纹甚至发生断裂。已有大量研究对钢轨断裂的影响因素进行了探讨。本文采用有限元分析（Finite Element Analysis，FEA）方法，并利用 Solidworks 研究版软件开展数值模拟，对采用两种不同材料——AISI 1020 和 Alloy Steel——制造的钢轨进行比较分析，以确定降低钢轨断裂风险的最佳材料。钢轨断裂风险依据材料的断裂强度进行计算与评价。模拟结果表明，采用 Alloy Steel 制造的钢轨断裂风险低于采用 AISI 1020 制造的钢轨，因此 Alloy Steel 更适合作为铁路钢轨材料。
Keywords: Train; Railways; Finite element analysis; Material; Fracture risk
关键词： 列车；铁路；有限元分析；材料；断裂风险
How to Cite: Satriawan, R., & Baltabekova, Z. A. (2024). Hitting the material rail: An exploration of the comparison between Alloy Steel and AISI 1020. Innovation in Engineering, 1(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.4
Optimization of car crankshaft strength with ductile iron material through Solidworks simulation
基于 Solidworks 仿真的球墨铸铁汽车曲轴强度优化
Kimal Al Ghifari
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.5
Abstract
This study aims to provide crucial insights into the performance of crankshaft designs under various loads and operational conditions. The method employed in this research is finite element analysis, facilitated by SolidWorks software, utilizing Ductile Iron material. Crankshafts crafted from ductile Iron are typically employed in vehicle engines due to their commendable mechanical properties and cost efficiency. The force exerted by the piston on the crankshaft generally ranges from 4500 N to 7500 N. The Factor of Safety within the crankshaft denotes the ratio between its material strength and the maximum stress it experiences during operation. The findings of this research indicate that the highest recorded maximum von Mises stress utilizing ductile iron material is 4.658 MPa, with a corresponding Factor of Safety in the crankshaft of 118.4. Consequently, the resilience of ductile iron crankshafts under varying loads and operational conditions can be ensured through meticulous analysis of crankshaft geometry.
摘要
本研究旨在深入揭示曲轴设计在不同载荷及运行工况下的性能表现。研究采用基于 SolidWorks 软件的有限元分析方法，并以球墨铸铁（Ductile Iron）作为材料进行模拟分析。由于球墨铸铁具有优良的机械性能和较高的成本效益，因此广泛应用于汽车发动机曲轴制造。活塞施加于曲轴上的作用力通常介于 4500 N 至 7500 N 之间。曲轴的安全系数（Factor of Safety）表示材料强度与运行过程中所承受最大应力之间的比值。研究结果表明，在采用球墨铸铁材料的情况下，曲轴所记录的最大 von Mises 应力为 4.658 MPa，对应的安全系数为 118.4。因此，通过对曲轴几何结构进行精细分析，可有效保证球墨铸铁曲轴在不同载荷及运行工况下的结构可靠性与承载能力。
Keywords: Finite Element Analysis; Crankshaft; Ductile Iron; Simulation
关键词： 有限元分析；曲轴；球墨铸铁；仿真
How to Cite: Ghifari, K. A. (2024). Optimization of car crankshaft strength with ductile iron material through Solidworks simulation. Innovation in Engineering, 1(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.5
Revitalizing vehicle innovation: Exploring electric car chassis structures through finite element analysis
基于有限元分析的电动汽车底盘结构研究：推动车辆创新发展
Hafidz Dwi Anggara
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.6
Abstract
The increasing number of motor vehicles contributes significantly to air pollution, resulting in global environmental degradation due to CO2 emissions. Electric cars offer an environmentally friendly solution to this issue. Vehicle chassis plays a critical role as the support structure for various components. This study aims to design an optimal electric vehicle chassis considering weight, safety, and strength aspects, utilizing von Mises stress analysis to assess stress levels and safety factors. The research focuses on determining the chassis' safety factor and stress distribution, employing alloy steel material and subjecting it to a 5000 N force using finite element analysis (FEA). Analysis results show von Mises stress ranging from 0.002 N/mm2 to 167.549 N/mm2, displacement ranging from 0.000 mm to 1.812 mm, strain ranging from 0.000 to 0.0001, and safety factors ranging from 2.327 to 371,181.531. Consequently, overall simulation on the chassis is targeted to run optimally, which fulfills the objectives of this research.
摘要
随着机动车数量不断增加，由 CO2 排放引起的空气污染日益严重，导致全球环境持续恶化。电动汽车为解决这一问题提供了更加环保的替代方案。车辆底盘作为各组成部件的重要承载结构，在整车设计中发挥着关键作用。本研究旨在综合考虑质量、安全性和结构强度等因素，设计一种优化的电动汽车底盘，并采用 von Mises 应力分析对其应力水平及安全系数进行评估。研究采用合金钢作为底盘材料，在施加 5000 N 载荷条件下，利用有限元分析（FEA）对底盘的安全系数及应力分布进行分析。分析结果表明，von Mises 应力范围为 0.002 N/mm2 至 167.549 N/mm2，位移范围为 0.000 mm 至 1.812 mm，应变范围为 0.000 至 0.0001，安全系数范围为 2.327 至 371,181.531。因此，底盘整体仿真结果表明其能够实现预期的优化性能，并达到本研究所设定的研究目标。
Keywords: Vehicle frame; Electrical vehicle; Green car; Transportation
关键词：车辆底盘；电动汽车；绿色汽车；交通运输
How to Cite: Anggara, H. D. (2024). Revitalizing vehicle innovation: Exploring electric car chassis structures through finite element analysis. Innovation in Engineering, 1(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i1.6
An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach to Road Maintenance Prioritization: A Case Study in Shan State, Myanmar
基于层次分析法（AHP）的道路养护优先级研究：以缅甸掸邦为例
Nandar Tun, Kyaing Kyaing, Moe Thet Thet Aye
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.9
Abstract
Maintaining rural roads plays an important role in the development of society and economy in Shan State, Myanmar. This study aims to prioritize road maintenance by employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). There are four types of pavement distress: roughness, raveling, potholes, edge failure, and bleeding. Data collection was conducted and analyzed in ten rural roads by using an Excel-based tool to evaluate the AHP analysis. The findings significantly discussed awareness of road conditions and pavement maintenance requirements, and R4 had the highest level of priority to maintain. The study also compared the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method with AHP results, highlighting acceptance and differences. Significant differences were noted for others due to the comprehensive nature of AHP when both methods ranked R5 and R6 typically within the top three. This research provides a systematic and transparent approach for prioritizing road maintenance, enhancing resource optimization and decision-making. Both AHP and PCI methods are integrated, and a comprehensive way is recommended to ensure thorough assessment and optimal use of resources to plan road maintenance. The study also contributes to improving the sustainability and performance of the rural road network, supporting broader economic and social goals in Shan State, Myanmar.
摘要
农村道路养护对缅甸掸邦社会经济发展具有重要意义。本研究采用层次分析法（Analytical Hierarchy Process，AHP）对道路养护优先级进行排序。研究考虑了五种路面病害类型，包括路面平整度不足、集料脱落、坑槽、边缘破损和泛油。利用基于 Excel 的分析工具，对 10 条农村道路采集的数据进行了 AHP 分析。研究结果表明，道路状况认知及路面养护需求得到充分评估，其中 R4 被确定为养护优先级最高的道路。研究还将路面状况指数（Pavement Condition Index，PCI）方法与 AHP 分析结果进行了比较，分析了两种方法之间的一致性与差异性。由于 AHP 具有更全面的评价特性，两种方法均将 R5 和 R6 排名列入前三，而其他道路的排序则存在较为明显的差异。本研究提出了一种系统且透明的道路养护优先排序方法，有助于优化资源配置并提高决策效率。研究建议将 AHP 与 PCI 方法相结合，以实现更加全面的道路状况评估和资源优化配置，为道路养护规划提供科学依据。此外，本研究还有助于提升缅甸掸邦农村道路网络的可持续性与运行性能，为实现更广泛的经济和社会发展目标提供支持。
Keywords: Road maintenance; Analytical Hierarchy Process; Pavement Condition Index; Rural roads; Pavement management
关键词：道路养护；层次分析法；路面状况指数；农村道路；路面管理
How to Cite: Tun, N., Kyaing, K., & Aye, M. T. T. (2024). An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach to Road Maintenance Prioritization: A Case Study in Shan State, Myanmar. Innovation in Engineering, 1(2), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.9
Static analysis of boiler feed pump shaft in steam power plants: Enhancing durability and operational efficiency
火力发电厂锅炉给水泵轴静力分析：提高耐久性与运行效率
Muhammad Athar Altarisi, Rifelino Rifelino, Delima Yanti Sari, Wanda Afnison
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.8
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in industrial and domestic sectors to transport fluids by increasing their flow rate to a specific pressure. One type of centrifugal pump, the Boiler Feed Pump (BFP), plays a crucial role in steam power plants. Designed for continuous operation, BFP shafts are prone to wear and failure due to extreme operational conditions. This study employs computer-aided simulation using SolidWorks software to analyze von Mises stress, displacement, strain, and safety factors of BFP shafts with three material variations: AISI 4140, AISI 316, and AISI 304. The results indicate that AISI 4140 material exhibits the highest safety factor of 2.7 and the lowest displacement of 0.453 mm. Fatigue simulation also shows that AISI 4140 has the lowest damage percentage and the highest fatigue life. These findings suggest that AISI 4140 is the optimal material choice to enhance the durability and efficiency of shafts in applications requiring high reliability, such as BFPs in steam power plants.
摘要
离心泵广泛应用于工业和民用领域，通过提高流体流量并达到特定压力实现流体输送。其中，锅炉给水泵（Boiler Feed Pump，BFP）是火力发电厂中的关键设备之一。由于需要长期连续运行，BFP 泵轴在极端工况下容易发生磨损和失效。本研究采用 SolidWorks 软件进行计算机辅助工程仿真，对采用三种不同材料（AISI 4140、AISI 316 和 AISI 304）的 BFP 泵轴进行了 von Mises 应力、位移、应变及安全系数分析。研究结果表明，AISI 4140 材料具有最高的安全系数（2.7）和最小的位移（0.453 mm）。疲劳仿真结果进一步显示，AISI 4140 的损伤率最低，疲劳寿命最长。研究结果表明，在火力发电厂锅炉给水泵等对可靠性要求较高的应用中，AISI 4140 是提高泵轴耐久性和运行效率的最佳材料选择。
Keywords: Centrifugal pump; Boiler feed pump; Computer-aided engineering simulation; Material fatigue; Safety factor
关键词：离心泵；锅炉给水泵；计算机辅助工程仿真；材料疲劳；安全系数
How to Cite: Altarisi, M. A., Rifelino, R., Sari, D. Y., & Afnison, W. (2024). Static analysis of boiler feed pump shaft in steam power plants: Enhancing durability and operational efficiency. Innovation in Engineering, 1(2), 73–95. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.8
Experimental evaluation of damage state and failure propagation of infilled frames under the opening effect
开口影响下填充墙框架损伤状态及破坏扩展的试验评估
Hsunandar Htun, Khin Su Su Htwe
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.11
Abstract
In this study, four frame specimens were tested: two with concentric window and door openings in the infills, and two with eccentric window and door openings. The serviceability limit of the infilled state was determined by evaluating the structural behaviour of infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings. The results indicate that frames with centrally located openings exhibit a reduction in lateral load capacity. The damage characteristics are influenced more by the location of the opening than by its percentage. When the opening is positioned closer to the edge of the masonry panel, the structural performance improves. Initial cracking occurs at a lateral drift of 0.2%, while crushing of the masonry panel occurs at approximately 2%. In frames with centrally located openings, the segment near the loaded column is more prone to damage, whereas the segment farther from the loaded column shows increased vulnerability.
摘要
本研究对四个框架试件进行了试验，其中两个试件的填充墙设有同心布置的门窗开口，另外两个试件设有偏心布置的门窗开口。通过评估带开口钢筋混凝土填充墙框架的结构性能，确定了填充墙结构的正常使用极限状态。研究结果表明，开口位于框架中心时，结构的侧向承载能力会降低。损伤特征受开口位置的影响大于开口面积比例的影响。当开口位置更靠近砌体填充墙边缘时，结构性能得到改善。初始裂缝出现在侧向层间位移角为 0.2% 时，而砌体填充墙压碎发生在约 2% 的侧向层间位移角时。对于开口位于中心位置的框架，靠近受力柱一侧的墙体更容易发生损伤，而远离受力柱一侧的墙体则表现出更高的破坏敏感性。
Keywords: Concentric; Eccentric; Damage characteristic; Lateral drift
关键词：同心；偏心；损伤特征；侧向层间位移角
How to Cite: Htun, H., & Htwe, K. S. S. (2024). Experimental evaluation of damage state and failure propagation of infilled frames under the opening effect. Innovation in Engineering, 1(2), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.11
Inflow generation using Thomas-Fiering model for Thaphanseik Reservoir in Myanmar
基于 Thomas-Fiering 模型的缅甸 Thaphanseik 水库入流生成研究
Yin Nwe Latt, Win Win Zin, Zin Mar Lar Tin San
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.14
Abstract
Thomas-Fiering (T-F) model was applied for generating synthetic streamflow for the Thaphanseik reservoir. The Thomas-Fiering model accommodated the non-stationarity of seasonal data. Time series of streamflow are crucial for the planning, design, and management of various water resource systems. In this study, the model was tested using historical data spanning 39 years (from 1985 to 2023). The model’s performance was evaluated by using statistical measurements such as Coefficient of Determination (R²) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). Additionally, this model was utilized to generate synthetic streamflow data for the years 2024 to 2100. The logarithmic transformation method was used in order to avoid the negative flows in the synthetic data. In this study, synthesis flow data were generated using different random sequences. The mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficient of different synthetic series were calculated. The calibration process was performed for the periods 1985 to 2016 and validation process was performed for the years 2017 to 2023. Based on R² value, most suitable synthetic series were chosen. The generated data showed a high goodness of fit, with R² and NSE values. An analysis of the historical and synthetic discharge statistics revealed that the model successfully captured the features of the historical data and integrated them into the generated sequences.
摘要
本研究采用 Thomas-Fiering（T-F）模型为缅甸 Thaphanseik 水库生成合成径流数据。Thomas-Fiering 模型能够处理季节性数据的非平稳特性。径流时间序列对于各类水资源系统的规划、设计与管理具有重要意义。本研究利用 1985 年至 2023 年共 39 年的历史径流数据对模型进行了测试，并采用决定系数（R²）和 Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数（NSE）等统计指标对模型性能进行评价。此外，利用该模型生成了 2024 年至 2100 年的合成径流数据。为避免合成数据中出现负流量，研究采用了对数变换方法。本研究利用不同的随机序列生成多组合成径流数据，并计算了各合成序列的均值、标准差及相关系数。模型率定采用 1985—2016 年数据，验证采用 2017—2023 年数据。依据 R² 值选取了最优合成序列。生成的数据具有较高的拟合优度，表现出良好的 R² 和 NSE 值。对历史流量与合成流量统计特征的分析表明，该模型能够有效捕捉历史数据特征，并成功将其融入生成的合成序列中。
Keywords: Streamflow; Thomas-Fiering model; Synthetic; Thaphanseik reservoir
关键词：径流；Thomas-Fiering 模型；合成径流；Thaphanseik 水库
How to Cite: Latt, Y. N., Zin, W. W., & San, Z. M. L. T. (2024). Inflow generation using Thomas-Fiering model for Thaphanseik Reservoir in Myanmar. Innovation in Engineering, 1(2), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.14
Exploring how 3D printing parameters affect the flexural strength of ABS materials
3D 打印参数对 ABS 材料抗弯强度影响研究
Diki Anggara, Rifelino Rifelino, Zainal Abadi, Andril Arafat
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.16
Abstract
This research focuses on testing the flexural strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) materials used in 3D printing by the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical strength of ABS using a full factorial experimental design, applying three main factors such as layer height, infill density and infill pattern. Flexural testing was conducted following ASTM D790 standards. A total of 27 specimens were made by varying the layer height, infill density and infill pattern. The results showed that layer height was the most influential factor on flexural strength, with the highest value of 41.815 MPa at 0.2 mm layer height, 100% infill density, and line infill pattern. ANOVA analysis supported this conclusion with p values <0.05 for layer height, while infill pattern and infill density showed no significant effect. This study provides guidelines for the use of optimal parameters in ABS-based 3D printing processes.
摘要
本研究针对采用熔融沉积成型（Fused Deposition Modeling，FDM）技术进行 3D 打印的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）材料开展抗弯强度测试。研究采用全因子试验设计，以层厚、填充密度和填充图案三个主要因素评价 ABS 材料的力学性能。抗弯试验按照 ASTM D790 标准进行，共制备 27 个试样，通过改变层厚、填充密度和填充图案进行测试。研究结果表明，层厚是影响抗弯强度最显著的因素，当层厚为 0.2 mm、填充密度为 100%、采用线性填充图案时，获得最高抗弯强度 41.815 MPa。ANOVA 方差分析进一步验证了该结论，其中层厚的 p 值小于 0.05，而填充图案和填充密度对抗弯强度的影响均未达到显著水平。本研究为 ABS 材料 3D 打印工艺参数的优化选择提供了参考依据。
Keywords: Ultimaker Cura Software; Future manufacture; STL; g-code
关键词：Ultimaker Cura 软件；未来制造；STL；G-code
How to Cite: Anggara, D., Rifelino, R., Abadi, Z., & Arafat, A. (2024). Exploring how 3D printing parameters affect the flexural strength of ABS materials. Innovation in Engineering, 1(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v1i2.16
Integrated decision-making strategies for expressway maintenance prioritization: Data-driven scoring, rule-based, and AHP approach
高速公路养护优先级综合决策策略：基于数据驱动评分、规则方法与层次分析法（AHP）
Nan Htike Yee Mon, Kyaing Kyaing, Moe Thet Thet Aye
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
Department of Civil Engineering, Dawei Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.17
Abstract
Effective expressway maintenance is crucial for enhancing safety and optimizing resource utilization. The interplay of safety risks, pavement deterioration, and constrained budgets underscores the necessity for a robust decision-making framework. This study introduces an integrated approach combining a data-driven scoring method, an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and a rule-based strategy to prioritize maintenance activities systematically. The scoring method evaluates critical factors, including Pavement Condition Rating (PCR), Accident Density (AD), Weighted Accident Severity Index (WASI), critical horizontal curves, projected traffic volumes, village access points, and annual rainfall. A rule-based strategy identifies high-priority segments using cumulative ratings derived from the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), International Roughness Index (IRI), Present Serviceability Index (PSI), and Present Serviceability Rating (PSR). AHP further refines prioritization by assigning weights to pavement distress types based on regression analyses. When applied to eight expressway sections, the framework identified Yangon-Phyu and Phyu-Naypyitaw as critical due to elevated safety risks and significant pavement deterioration. The most deteriorated units received top priority among the 130 pavement sample units analyzed. This research underscores the importance of data-driven maintenance strategies to prolong pavement lifespan, reduce accident rates, and enhance operational efficiency, providing actionable insights for engineers and policymakers engaged in sustainable expressway infrastructure management.
摘要
高效的高速公路养护对于提升道路安全性和优化资源利用具有重要意义。安全风险、路面劣化以及预算受限等因素的共同作用，凸显了建立稳健决策框架的必要性。本研究提出了一种综合决策方法，将数据驱动评分法、层次分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP）和基于规则的方法相结合，对高速公路养护活动进行系统化优先排序。数据驱动评分法综合评估了路面状况评级（Pavement Condition Rating，PCR）、事故密度（Accident Density，AD）、加权事故严重程度指数（Weighted Accident Severity Index，WASI）、关键水平曲线、预测交通流量、村庄出入口以及年降雨量等关键因素。基于规则的方法利用路面状况指数（Pavement Condition Index，PCI）、国际平整度指数（International Roughness Index，IRI）、现状服务能力指数（Present Serviceability Index，PSI）和现状服务能力评级（Present Serviceability Rating，PSR）的综合评分识别高优先级路段。AHP 则基于回归分析结果，对不同类型的路面病害赋予权重，进一步优化养护优先级排序。该框架应用于八个高速公路路段后，识别出 Yangon–Phyu 和 Phyu–Naypyitaw 路段由于安全风险较高且路面劣化严重而属于重点养护对象。在分析的 130 个路面样本单元中，劣化最严重的单元被赋予最高养护优先级。本研究强调了数据驱动养护策略在延长路面使用寿命、降低交通事故发生率和提升运营效率方面的重要作用，为从事可持续高速公路基础设施管理的工程技术人员和政策制定者提供了具有实践价值的决策依据。
Keywords: Robust decision-making; Expressway maintenance; Integrated scoring; Rule-based approach; Analytic hierarchy process
关键词：稳健决策；高速公路养护；综合评分；基于规则的方法；层次分析法
How to Cite: Mon, N. H. Y., Kyaing, K., & Aye, M. T. T. (2025). Integrated decision-making strategies for expressway maintenance prioritization: Data-driven scoring, rule-based, and AHP approach. Innovation in Engineering, 2(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.17
Seismic risk assessment of existing RC structures using fragility-based approach
基于脆弱性分析方法的既有钢筋混凝土结构地震风险评估
Cho Wai Phyo Kyaw, Khin Aye Mon
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.20
Abstract
This study investigates the seismic performance of two groups of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings: those designed and constructed according to older standards (pre-code RC buildings) and those designed and constructed in accordance with current seismic code requirements (moderate-code RC buildings). Recognizing the potential seismic vulnerability of these structures, this research aims to develop fragility curves to probabilistically assess their seismic performance. Non-linear time history analysis (NTHA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) are employed, considering inter-story drift ratios (%ISDR) as key engineering demand parameters. These parameters are employed to link structural response to ground motion intensities (PGA) across various hazard levels, including Service Level Earthquake (SLE), Design Basic Earthquake (DBE), and Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). Eleven sets of ground motions, selected from the PEER database and matched to the Yangon target response spectrum, are used to simulate seismic loading. A representative 12-story RC frame with two plan aspect ratios is analyzed, considering material and geometric non-linearities. Five performance limit states (Fully Operational, Immediate Occupancy, Damage Control, Life Safety, and Collapse Prevention) are defined based on FEMA 356. The developed fragility curves provide valuable insights into the seismic vulnerability of existing RC structures, informing the development of effective seismic risk-mitigating strategies and enhancing the resilience of urban areas.
摘要
本研究评估了两类既有钢筋混凝土（RC）建筑的抗震性能，包括依据早期设计规范建造的钢筋混凝土建筑（规范实施前建筑）以及依据现行抗震规范设计建造的钢筋混凝土建筑（中等规范建筑）。鉴于此类结构可能存在较高的地震脆弱性，本研究旨在建立脆弱性曲线，对其抗震性能进行概率评估。研究采用非线性时程分析（Non-linear Time History Analysis，NTHA）和增量动力分析（Incremental Dynamic Analysis，IDA），并以层间位移角百分比（%ISDR）作为关键工程需求参数。这些参数用于建立结构响应与不同地震动强度（Peak Ground Acceleration，PGA）之间的关系，并涵盖不同地震危险水平，包括正常使用地震（Service Level Earthquake，SLE）、基本设计地震（Design Basic Earthquake，DBE）以及最大考虑地震（Maximum Considered Earthquake，MCE）。研究选取了来自 PEER 数据库并与仰光目标反应谱相匹配的 11 组地震动记录进行地震荷载模拟。分析对象为具有两种平面长宽比的 12 层钢筋混凝土框架，并综合考虑材料非线性和几何非线性效应。依据 FEMA 356，定义了五种结构性能极限状态，包括正常运行（Fully Operational）、立即使用（Immediate Occupancy）、损伤控制（Damage Control）、生命安全（Life Safety）和防止倒塌（Collapse Prevention）。建立的脆弱性曲线为既有钢筋混凝土结构的地震脆弱性评估提供了重要依据，可为制定有效的地震风险减缓策略提供科学参考，并进一步提升城市地区的抗震韧性。
Keywords: Non-linear time history analysis; Incremental dynamic analysis; Percent inter-story drift ratios; Peak ground acceleration; Fragility curves
关键词：非线性时程分析；增量动力分析；层间位移角百分比；峰值地面加速度；脆弱性曲线
How to Cite: Kyaw, C. W. P., & Mon, K. A. (2025). Seismic risk assessment of existing RC structures using fragility-based approach. Innovation in Engineering, 2(1), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.20
Stabilization of lateritic soil using cement and lime for road construction
用于道路建设的水泥与石灰红土稳定化研究
Htet Okkar Kyaw, Nyan Myint Kyaw
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.18
Abstract
In developing countries, crushed rocks are mainly used in road subbase and base courses for road construction. As a result of extremely high fuel prices and lengthy travel times, particularly from Mokepalin, which is 92 miles from Yangon, the exorbitant costs of crushed rock aggregates for road building in Myanmar have therefore become a major concern. Due to energy consumption and carbon emissions, this dependence on remote sources results in increased building costs, project delays, and environmental destruction. In Yangon, local marginal materials (lateritic soil) are also available in Hmawbi, Hlegu, Taikkyi and Twantay townships. According to the engineering properties of soil in term of CBR, Hmawbi lateritic soil is nearly the same as the Mokepalin. Therefore, lateritic soil from Hmawbi was selected as a case study material for this research in order to reduce costs and to be more economical. To evaluate the engineering properties of soil, laboratory tests including sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, UCS, compaction, and CBR testing were carried out. The purpose of this paper is to stabilize lateritic soils for possible use as materials for road sub base and base to substitute crushed rocks. Results showed that 2% of cement and lime content met subbase course for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) values of 0.75 MPa and 1.75 MPa according to Joint Departments of the Army and Air Force and 16% of cement satisfied for road base course for UCS value of 5.36 MPa. The use soil lime mixture was found to be unsuitable for road base course. Cement stabilized lateritic soil proved to be stronger, durable and better than soil lime mixture for road construction.
摘要
在发展中国家，道路建设中的底基层和基层通常采用碎石材料。然而，由于燃料价格高昂以及运输距离较长，尤其是缅甸 Mokepalin 地区距离仰光约 92 英里，碎石集料的运输成本显著增加，使道路建设费用成为一项重要问题。此外，对远距离材料来源的依赖还导致能源消耗增加、碳排放上升、工程成本提高、项目延期以及环境破坏。与此同时，仰光地区的 Hmawbi、Hlegu、Taikkyi 和 Twantay 等镇拥有丰富的当地边缘材料（红土）。根据加州承载比（CBR）试验结果，Hmawbi 红土的工程性质与 Mokepalin 红土基本相近。因此，本研究选取 Hmawbi 红土作为案例研究材料，以降低道路建设成本并提高经济性。为评价土体工程性质，开展了筛分试验、阿特伯格界限试验、无侧限抗压强度（UCS）试验、击实试验以及加州承载比（CBR）试验。本研究旨在通过水泥和石灰稳定化处理红土，使其能够替代碎石作为道路底基层和基层材料。研究结果表明，根据美国陆军与空军联合部门（Joint Departments of the Army and Air Force）的相关标准，当水泥和石灰掺量均为 2% 时，其无侧限抗压强度（UCS）分别达到 0.75 MPa 和 1.75 MPa，可满足道路底基层要求；当水泥掺量为 16% 时，UCS 达到 5.36 MPa，可满足道路基层要求。研究还发现，石灰稳定土不适合作为道路基层材料。总体而言，水泥稳定红土在强度、耐久性及道路工程适用性方面均优于石灰稳定土。
Keywords: Lateritic soil; CBR; UCS; Stabilization
关键词：红土；加州承载比；无侧限抗压强度；稳定化
How to Cite: Kyaw, H. O., & Kyaw, N. M. (2025). Stabilization of lateritic soil using cement and lime for road construction. Innovation in Engineering, 2(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.18
Experimental study on damping properties of concretes under free vibration with different tyre wastes
不同废旧轮胎掺量下混凝土自由振动阻尼性能的试验研究
Cho Zin Win, Khin Su Su Htwe, Nyan Myint Kyaw
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.25
Abstract
Disposing of waste tires presents environmental challenges, making recycling into crumb rubber a sustainable solution, especially in developing countries. Moreover, concrete tends to be brittle, and incorporating crumb rubber enhances its energy absorption, which can help reduce the concrete’s brittleness. This study examines the effects of replacing fine aggregates with crumb rubber at 5% and 10% on concrete properties. Two types of crumb rubbers were used namely, low-quality and high-quality crumb rubber treated with CH3COOH solution. Results show that 5% crumb rubber improves compressive strength, and elastic modulus, while these properties decrease at 10% replacement. Free vibration tests using the logarithmic decrement method showed that higher rubber content increases the damping ratio, with 10% replacement yielding the best energy dissipation. Simulation using ANSYS Workbench validated the experimental findings, with natural frequencies and load-displacement behaviors closely matching experimental results. Using 5% crumb rubber enhances compressive strength, damping, and energy absorption, making concrete more versatile. This eco-friendly alternative supports sustainable construction while addressing tire waste disposal, highlighting its potential for dynamic load applications.
摘要
废旧轮胎的处置已成为一项重要的环境挑战，将其回收制备成橡胶颗粒（Crumb Rubber）是一种可持续的解决方案，尤其适用于发展中国家。此外，混凝土本身具有较大的脆性，而掺入橡胶颗粒能够提高其吸能能力，从而降低混凝土的脆性。本研究探讨了以 5% 和 10% 橡胶颗粒替代细骨料对混凝土性能的影响。研究采用了两种橡胶颗粒，即普通品质橡胶颗粒和经 CH3COOH 溶液处理的高品质橡胶颗粒。研究结果表明，当橡胶颗粒替代率为 5% 时，混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量均得到提高，而替代率提高至 10% 时，这些性能则有所下降。采用对数递减法进行自由振动试验发现，随着橡胶颗粒掺量增加，混凝土的阻尼比不断提高，其中 10% 替代率表现出最佳的能量耗散能力。利用 ANSYS Workbench 进行数值模拟验证了试验结果，其固有频率和荷载—位移响应与试验结果高度一致。综合来看，掺入 5% 橡胶颗粒可有效提高混凝土的抗压强度、阻尼性能和吸能能力，使其具有更优异的综合性能。该环保型材料不仅有助于废旧轮胎资源化利用，还促进了可持续建筑的发展，并展现出在承受动力荷载结构中的良好应用潜力。
Keywords: Waste tires; Crumb rubber; Concrete properties; Energy absorption; Eco-friendly
关键词：废旧轮胎；橡胶颗粒；混凝土性能；能量吸收；环保
How to Cite: Win, C. Z., Htwe, K. S. S., & Kyaw, N. M. (2025). Experimental study on damping properties of concretes under free vibration with different tyre wastes. Innovation in Engineering, 2(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.25
Experimental study on strength reduction due to corrosion in reinforced concrete slabs with and without steel fibers
钢纤维与非钢纤维钢筋混凝土板腐蚀导致强度降低的试验研究
Hnin Hnin Kyu, Khin Su Su Htwe
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.21
Abstract
Corrosion significantly affects deterioration in reinforced concrete structural members, severely compromising their strength and durability, especially in regions with heavy rainfall and exposure in coastal areas. Currently, steel fibers have been increasingly used in the construction industry because of their enhanced durability, crack resistance and overall structural performance and it’s been emphasized for more research. Moreover, most previous studies have focused on corrosion damage in reinforced concrete slabs and beams, further research is needed to study the behavior of corrosion in RC slabs with steel fibers and the proneness of steel fibers to corrosion. This study aims to experimentally evaluate the impact of corrosion on the flexural strength and durability of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) slabs comparing with conventional reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. An accelerated corrosion process was applied using a 5% sodium chloride electrolyte solution and a 5V output over 240 days. Corrosion levels in the slabs were assessed by using the Cor-Map technique. The results indicated that SFRC slabs exhibited higher corrosion levels than conventional RC slabs, likely due to the increased exposed area from the distributed steel fibers. The results of experimental flexural strength tests showed that the percentage reduction in flexural strength of the SFRC slab was greater than that of the conventional RC slab after corrosion. Although SFRC slabs exhibited faster corrosion due to the presence of steel fibers, fiber corrosion did not contribute to the corrosion of main steel bars and these slabs performed better than conventional RC slabs in terms of flexural strength and crack resistance in both before and after corrosion. According to this experimental research, the behavior of steel fiber corrosion in RC slabs is well known, and it showed that steel fibers could be effectively used in RC slabs and these results provided a valuable reference for assessing the residual capacities of existing steel fibers reinforced concrete slabs affected by corrosion.
摘要
腐蚀是导致钢筋混凝土结构构件劣化的重要因素，尤其是在降雨量较大及沿海暴露环境中，会严重削弱结构的强度和耐久性。目前，钢纤维因能够提高混凝土的耐久性、抗裂性能及整体结构性能，已在建筑工程中得到越来越广泛的应用，并受到研究人员的广泛关注。然而，已有研究主要集中于普通钢筋混凝土板和梁的腐蚀损伤，对于钢纤维钢筋混凝土（Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete，SFRC）板中的腐蚀行为以及钢纤维自身的腐蚀特性仍缺乏深入研究。本研究通过试验比较钢纤维钢筋混凝土（SFRC）板与普通钢筋混凝土（RC）板在腐蚀作用下的抗弯强度及耐久性变化。试验采用 5% 氯化钠电解液，在 5 V 恒定电压条件下进行为期 240 天的加速腐蚀处理，并采用 Cor-Map 技术对试件腐蚀程度进行评估。研究结果表明，SFRC 板的腐蚀程度高于普通 RC 板，这可能是由于分散钢纤维增加了暴露于腐蚀环境中的钢材表面积所致。抗弯试验结果显示，腐蚀后 SFRC 板的抗弯强度下降幅度大于普通 RC 板。尽管钢纤维的存在加快了 SFRC 板的腐蚀速度，但钢纤维腐蚀并不会促进主钢筋腐蚀；无论在腐蚀前还是腐蚀后，SFRC 板在抗弯性能和抗裂性能方面均优于普通 RC 板。本研究进一步揭示了钢筋混凝土板中钢纤维的腐蚀行为，证明钢纤维能够有效应用于钢筋混凝土板，并为评估受腐蚀钢纤维钢筋混凝土板的剩余承载能力提供了重要参考依据。
Keywords: Accelerated corrosion; Corrosion level; Flexural strength; Strength reduction
关键词：加速腐蚀；腐蚀程度；抗弯强度；强度降低
How to Cite: Kyu, H. H., & Htwe, K. S. S. (2025). Experimental study on strength reduction due to corrosion in reinforced concrete slabs with and without steel fibers. Innovation in Engineering, 2(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.21
Analysis of trends and variability in frequency and intensity indices of precipitation over Myanmar during 1985-2020
1985–2020 年缅甸降水频率与强度指数变化趋势及变异性分析
Min Khaing, Win Win Zin, Zin Mar Lar Tin San, Soe Thih, Manish Shrestha
Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.33
Abstract
In this study, an analysis of long-term extreme precipitation indices was conducted using daily observation data from 38 stations in Myanmar spanning from 1985 to 2020. Three frequency indices and six intensity indices of precipitation were analyzed using RClimDex software. The Mann-Kendall test, along with Sen’s slope method, was employed to determine the trends and magnitude of extreme indices. The spatial distribution patterns varied across different physiographic regions, with 63% to 76% of the stations displaying increasing trends in various indices. The consecutive dry days showed increasing trends in the hilly regions, whereas the consecutive wet days exhibited decreasing trends in those areas. For the maximum 1-day precipitation, 45% of stations displayed increasing trends, with 5% of those being statistically significant. The Western Hilly Region exhibited rising trends in extremely wet days, whereas other regions have experienced mixed trends. These findings highlight the need for adaptive water resources engineering and management to address the localized changes of precipitation trends that affect floods and droughts in Myanmar.
摘要
本研究利用缅甸 38 个气象站 1985—2020 年的逐日观测数据，对长期极端降水指数进行了分析。采用 RClimDex 软件计算了 3 项降水频率指数和 6 项降水强度指数，并结合 Mann-Kendall 趋势检验和 Sen 斜率估计方法，对极端降水指数的变化趋势及其变化幅度进行了评估。研究结果表明，不同地貌区域的降水空间分布特征存在明显差异，63%～76% 的观测站在不同降水指数上呈现增长趋势。在丘陵地区，连续干旱日数呈增加趋势，而连续降雨日数则呈下降趋势。对于最大 1 日降水量，有 45% 的观测站表现出增长趋势，其中 5% 达到统计显著水平。西部丘陵地区的极端湿润日数呈增加趋势，而其他地区则表现出不同程度的混合变化趋势。研究结果表明，为应对降水变化对缅甸洪涝和干旱灾害带来的区域性影响，有必要采取适应性的水资源工程与管理策略。
Keywords: precipitation; RClimDex; extreme indices; rainfall
关键词：降水；RClimDex；极端指数；降雨
How to Cite: Khaing, M., Zin, W. W., San, Z. M. L. T., Thiha, S., & Shrestha, M. (2025). Analysis of trends and variability in frequency and intensity indices of precipitation over Myanmar during 1985-2020. Innovation in Engineering, 2(2), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.33
Localization of car license plate using adaptive Euler-template matching method
基于自适应 Euler 模板匹配方法的汽车车牌定位
Nay Zar Aung, Jinghui Peng, Khin Cho Tun, Songjing Li
School of Industrial Training and Education, Department of Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Ministry of Science and Technology, Myanmar
Department of Fluid Control and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Department of Electronic Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Myanmar
Department of Fluid Control and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, China
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.30
Abstract
License plate (LP) detection plays an important role in intelligent transportation systems smart traffic control systems of today. Although it is simple and easy to implement for LP detection, traditional template matching method is less favorable compared to state-of-the-art methods due to its processing cost. Thus, this study proposes an innovative template matching method called “adaptive Euler-template matching method” for detection of LP. Two different models of Euler-template and a new matching concept are proposed. The proposed method is evaluated by detecting LP in a total of 150 test images. Then, the performance of proposed method is compared with the performances of some exiting methods. The proposed method gives accuracies of 96% using Euler-template (model-A) and 96.7% using Euler-template (model-B). The average processing time of proposed method is 0.303 s. The results show that Euler-template (model-B) is more effective for LP detection. More distinct observations are presented and finally recommendations for further works are given in this study.
摘要
车牌（License Plate，LP）检测是现代智能交通系统和智能交通控制系统中的关键技术。尽管传统模板匹配方法实现简单且易于应用于车牌检测，但由于处理成本较高，与当前先进方法相比，其应用优势较为有限。因此，本研究提出了一种用于车牌检测的新型模板匹配方法——“自适应 Euler 模板匹配方法（adaptive Euler-template matching method）”。研究设计了两种不同的 Euler 模板模型，并提出了一种新的匹配机制。采用 150 幅测试图像对所提出的方法进行了性能评估，并将其与现有车牌检测方法进行了比较。实验结果表明，采用 Euler 模板（Model-A）时，车牌检测准确率达到 96.0%；采用 Euler 模板（Model-B）时，检测准确率达到 96.7%。所提出方法的平均处理时间为 0.303 s。研究结果显示，Euler 模板（Model-B）在车牌检测中的性能更加优越。文中进一步分析了实验结果，并提出了未来研究工作的建议。
Keywords: euler-template; adaptive template matching; license plate localizing; smart traffic control; automatic recognition system
关键词：Euler 模板；自适应模板匹配；车牌定位；智能交通控制；自动识别系统
How to Cite: Aung, N. Z., Peng, J., Tun, K. C., & Li, S. (2025). Localization of car license plate using adaptive Euler-template matching method. Innovation in Engineering, 2(2), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i1.30
Design and development of a PID-controlled home air quality monitoring and purification system
基于 PID 控制的家庭空气质量监测与净化系统设计与开发
Josamae Salas, Allain Jessel Macas
Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i2.38
Abstract
Asthma continues to be a major health concern in the Philippines, with about one in ten people living with the condition. Among its common triggers are fine airborne particles such as PM2.5 and PM10, which can easily aggravate symptoms and affect day-to-day living. In response to this problem, we developed a home-based air quality management system intended to help individuals with asthma maintain safer indoor conditions. The system was equipped with a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, which allowed the purifier to respond more intelligently by tracking air quality in real time and adjusting its operation before conditions became unsafe. To test this feature, we set up a prototype in a bedroom and introduced small amounts of smoke to simulate pollution. In both setups—one with PID control and one without—the purifier successfully reduced particle levels and brought the Air Quality Index (AQI) back to its baseline of 79–81. The key difference, however, was that the PID-controlled system reacted ahead of time, activating the purifier before the thresholds were crossed. This shortened the period of exposure to poor air quality and produced more stable results overall. These findings demonstrate that incorporating a PID controller can enhance the reliability and effectiveness of home-based air purifiers, providing practical support for individuals managing asthma at home.
摘要
哮喘仍然是菲律宾面临的重要公共健康问题，约每十人中就有一人患有哮喘。PM2.5 和 PM10 等细颗粒物是诱发哮喘的常见因素，可加重患者症状并影响日常生活。针对这一问题，本研究开发了一套家庭空气质量监测与管理系统，旨在帮助哮喘患者维持更加安全的室内空气环境。该系统集成了比例–积分–微分（Proportional-Integral-Derivative，PID）控制器，使空气净化器能够实时监测空气质量，并在空气质量恶化至危险水平之前自动调节运行状态，从而实现更加智能的控制。为验证系统性能，研究在卧室环境中搭建了原型系统，并通过释放少量烟雾模拟空气污染。在采用 PID 控制和未采用 PID 控制两种实验条件下，空气净化器均能够有效降低颗粒物浓度，并将空气质量指数（Air Quality Index，AQI）恢复至 79–81 的基线水平。然而，采用 PID 控制的系统能够提前响应，在空气质量达到设定阈值之前启动空气净化器，从而缩短暴露于空气污染环境中的时间，并获得更加稳定的净化效果。研究结果表明，引入 PID 控制器能够提高家庭空气净化系统的可靠性和运行效率，为家庭哮喘患者提供更加有效的室内空气质量保障。
Keywords: Air Quality Index; PIC Controller; PM2.5; PM10
关键词：空气质量指数；PID 控制器；PM2.5；PM10
How to Cite: Salas, J., & Macas, A. J. (2025). Design and development of a PID-controlled home air quality monitoring and purification system. Innovation in Engineering, 2(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i2.38
A mobile application based on object detection algorithm for classifying robusta coffee cherry ripeness
基于目标检测算法的罗布斯塔咖啡果成熟度分类移动应用
Natasha Marie D. Relampagos, Kristine Mae P. Dunque
Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i2.39
Abstract
Accurate classification of coffee cherries based on ripeness is essential for enhancing the efficiency of harvesting and ensuring high-quality coffee production. Traditional manual sorting is labor-intensive and inconsistent, necessitating an automated solution. This study addresses the challenge by developing a mobile application that uses an object detection algorithm to classify Coffea canephora (Robusta) cherries into four ripeness categories: unripe, semi-ripe, ripe, and overripe. The application leverages a smartphone camera to capture images, which are then analyzed by a deep learning model trained on 1,200 annotated images, and classify coffee cherries in real-time. Model performance of the YOLOv5 computer vision was evaluated using a validation dataset (400 images) and a test dataset (400 images), ensuring balanced representation across ripeness levels. The application achieved an overall classification accuracy of 95.63%, with the highest accuracy for unripe cherries (98.50%), followed by semi-ripe (94.75%), ripe (94.75%), and overripe (94.50%) cherries. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating mobile technology with object detection algorithm for field-based classification of coffee cherry ripeness. The developed application is potential for improving harvesting efficiency, optimizing quality control, and supporting decision-making in the coffee industry. Future work should focus on expanding the dataset, refining the classification model, and implementing the system in microcontrollers to enable an automatic sorting hardware, thereby reducing farmers’ workload and providing a comprehensive solution for our local stakeholders in the Bukidnon areas.
摘要
基于成熟度对咖啡果进行准确分类，对于提高采收效率和保障咖啡品质至关重要。传统人工分拣不仅劳动强度大，而且分类结果一致性较差，因此亟需开发自动化解决方案。本研究开发了一款基于目标检测算法的移动应用程序，用于将 Coffea canephora（罗布斯塔）咖啡果实时分类为四种成熟度等级：未成熟、半成熟、成熟和过熟。该应用利用智能手机摄像头采集图像，并通过基于 1,200 幅标注图像训练的深度学习模型对咖啡果进行实时识别与分类。研究采用包含 400 幅图像的验证数据集和包含 400 幅图像的测试数据集，对 YOLOv5 计算机视觉模型进行了性能评估，并确保各成熟度类别具有均衡的数据分布。实验结果表明，该应用总体分类准确率达到 95.63%，其中未成熟咖啡果分类准确率最高，为 98.50%；其次为半成熟咖啡果（94.75%）、成熟咖啡果（94.75%）和过熟咖啡果（94.50%）。研究结果证明，将移动终端技术与目标检测算法相结合，可有效实现田间环境下罗布斯塔咖啡果成熟度的自动分类。所开发的移动应用具有提高采收效率、优化质量控制以及辅助咖啡产业决策的应用潜力。未来研究可进一步扩大数据集规模、优化分类模型，并将系统部署于微控制器平台，实现自动化咖啡果分拣设备，从而减轻农户劳动负担，并为菲律宾 Bukidnon 地区相关利益方提供更加完善的技术解决方案。
Keywords: ripeness classification; YOLOv5; coffee cherries; robusta coffee
关键词：成熟度分类；YOLOv5；咖啡果；罗布斯塔咖啡
How to Cite: Relampagos, N. M. D., & Dunque, K. M. P. (2025). A mobile application based on object detection algorithm for classifying robusta coffee cherry ripeness. Innovation in Engineering, 2(2), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i2.39
Detection of missing components on a PCB using image processing
基于图像处理的印刷电路板（PCB）缺失元器件检测
Dominic O. Cagadas, Janine T. Neri, Joebert T. Osin, Marjo May T. Oro, Bhea Blair A. Sappal, Christine Marie J. Madrid
Department of Electronics Technology, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i2.40
Abstract
Manual inspection of PCB components is often inaccurate and inefficient due to human error, posing a significant risk to quality control in electronic systems. This study used YOLOv8, a state-of-the-art object detection model, for PCB inspections. The system, known for its speed and accuracy, achieved an impressive 98.3% accuracy rate across 773 instances on six component classes. The system performance was evaluated under various conditions, with 98% accuracy under ideal conditions and 96% under non-ideal conditions. Error rates rose from 1% in ideal conditions to 3% in non-ideal conditions, indicating their sensitivity to environmental factors. Feedback from students, technicians, and instructors praised the system's potential, with mean ratings of 4.8 for accuracy, 4.7 for functionality, 4.8 for reliability, and 4.7 for user-friendliness. The results reveal that the system is a reliable tool for PCB verification. However, optimal camera resolution and size limits are crucial for effective inspections and component identification. This research has the potential to significantly enhance efficiency and accuracy in quality control processes within the electronics manufacturing industry.
摘要
由于人为因素的影响，传统印刷电路板（Printed Circuit Board，PCB）元器件人工检测往往存在准确率低、效率不高的问题，对电子系统的质量控制构成了较大的风险。本研究采用先进的目标检测模型 YOLOv8 对 PCB 元器件进行自动检测。该系统兼具高速和高精度特点，在六类电子元器件共 773 个检测实例中取得了 98.3% 的总体检测准确率。研究分别在理想环境和非理想环境下对系统性能进行了评估，其中理想条件下检测准确率达到 98%，非理想条件下为 96%。与此同时，系统误检率由理想条件下的 1% 上升至非理想条件下的 3%，表明系统性能对环境因素具有一定敏感性。来自学生、技术人员及教师的用户反馈均对系统表现给予了较高评价，其中准确性平均评分为 4.8，功能性为 4.7，可靠性为 4.8，易用性为 4.7。研究结果表明，该系统是一种可靠的 PCB 检测工具。然而，为保证检测效果和元器件识别精度，仍需采用合适的摄像头分辨率并控制检测目标尺寸。本研究有望显著提高电子制造行业质量控制过程中的检测效率和检测准确性。
Keywords: electronic components; accuracy; YOLO; PCB; object detection
关键词：电子元器件；准确率；YOLO；PCB；目标检测
How to Cite: Cagadas, D. O., Neri, J. T., Osin, J. T., Oro, M. M. T., Sappal, B. B. A., & Madrid, C. M. J. (2025). Detection of missing components on a PCB using image processing. Innovation in Engineering, 2(2), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v2i2.40
Analysis of the influence of some factors on the temperature distribution and tire durability
影响轮胎温度分布及耐久性的因素分析
Vu Hai Quan, Tran Quang Tam, Nguyen Trong Duc, Le Hong Quan, Tran Phuc Hoa, Kirill Evgenievich Karpukhin
Faculty of Automotive Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Hanoi University of Industry, Vietnam
Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University, Russian Federation
Russian State Scientific Research Center “NAMI” (Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute), Russian Federation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.41
Abstract
Increasing vehicle operating speeds place greater thermal and mechanical demands on automotive tires, making the assessment of tire behavior under varying speed conditions essential for safety and durability. This study investigates the effects of speed, load, and inflation pressure on the temperature distribution and durability of the Bridgestone ECOPIA EP150 tire using numerical simulation in Ansys Workbench. The results indicate that the shoulder region exhibits the highest temperature, which rises with increasing vehicle speed. Inflation pressure and vertical load significantly influence the contact area and stress distribution. An inflation pressure of 34 psi is identified as optimal, limiting localized heat generation and maintaining tire durability under realistic operating conditions. The findings provide practical guidance for tire selection and usage, particularly in tropical climates, and support improved safety and operational efficiency. Furthermore, the simulation-based approach demonstrates the effectiveness of numerical analysis as a predictive tool for evaluating tire performance under complex operating conditions, reducing reliance on extensive experimental testing.
摘要
随着车辆运行速度不断提高，汽车轮胎承受着更大的热负荷和机械载荷，因此，在不同车速条件下评估轮胎性能对于保障行车安全和提高轮胎耐久性具有重要意义。本研究利用 Ansys Workbench 数值仿真平台，分析了车速、载荷和充气压力对 Bridgestone ECOPIA EP150 轮胎温度分布及耐久性的影响。研究结果表明，轮胎胎肩区域的温度最高，且随着车辆速度的增加而升高。轮胎充气压力和垂直载荷对轮胎接触面积及应力分布具有显著影响。研究确定 **34 psi** 为最佳充气压力，该压力能够有效抑制局部热量积聚，并在实际运行工况下保持较好的轮胎耐久性。研究结果为轮胎的选型与使用提供了实践指导，特别适用于热带气候地区，同时有助于提高车辆运行安全性和运营效率。此外，基于仿真的分析方法验证了数值模拟作为预测复杂工况下轮胎性能工具的有效性，可减少对大量实验测试的依赖。
Keywords: temperature tire; pressure; velocity; tire-road; structure tire
关键词：轮胎温度；充气压力；车速；轮胎-路面接触；轮胎结构
How to Cite: Quan, V. H., Tam, T. Q., Duc, N. T., Quan, L. H., Hoa, T. P., & Karpukhin, K. E. (2026). Analysis of the influence of some factors on the temperature distribution and tire durability. Innovation in Engineering, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.41
Design, CFD analysis, and experimental validation of a NACA 4415 ducted hydrokinetic turbine for low-velocity river applications
适用于低流速河流的 NACA 4415 导流式水动力涡轮机设计、CFD 分析与实验验证
Ma. Leona Maye B. Pepito, Kent B. Ignalig, Ian Keanu E. Becoy, Keith John D. Tadifa, John Kenno P. Lumasag
College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.43
Abstract
Hydrokinetic turbines represent a promising solution for renewable energy generation in low-velocity rivers where conventional hydropower systems are not technically or economically feasible. Despite increasing interest in ducted hydrokinetic turbines, experimental validation of turbines employing the NACA 4415 airfoil under low-flow river conditions remains limited. This study presents the design, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, and experimental validation of a horizontal-axis ducted hydrokinetic turbine using the NACA 4415 airfoil, specifically optimized for low-velocity river applications. Numerical simulations and field experiments were conducted for water velocities ranging from 0.89 to 1.03 m/s to evaluate turbine performance in terms of rotational speed, torque, power output, and power coefficient. The results indicate that the four-bladed ducted turbine achieved a maximum experimental power output of 67 W at a flow velocity of 1.03 m/s, corresponding to a power coefficient of 0.32. The diffuser-augmented configuration enhanced flow acceleration and rotational speed compared to theoretical predictions and numerical simulations, although performance discrepancies were observed due to hydrodynamic losses and mechanical inefficiencies. Overall, the findings demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of NACA 4415 ducted hydrokinetic turbines for decentralized renewable energy generation in low-flow river environments, contributing valuable experimental data for the development and optimization of small-scale hydrokinetic systems.
摘要
水动力涡轮机（Hydrokinetic Turbine）为低流速河流中的可再生能源开发提供了一种具有发展潜力的解决方案，尤其适用于传统水电系统在技术或经济上难以实施的场景。尽管导流式水动力涡轮机近年来受到越来越多的关注，但采用 NACA 4415 翼型并应用于低流速河流工况的实验验证研究仍然较为有限。本研究针对低流速河流应用，设计了一种采用 NACA 4415 翼型的水平轴导流式水动力涡轮机，并开展了计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics，CFD）分析及实验验证。研究通过数值模拟和现场试验，对流速为 0.89–1.03 m/s 条件下的涡轮机性能进行了评估，分析指标包括转速、扭矩、输出功率和功率系数。实验结果表明，在流速为 1.03 m/s 时，四叶片导流式涡轮机获得了最大实验输出功率 67 W，对应功率系数为 0.32。与理论计算和数值模拟相比，采用扩散器增强（diffuser-augmented）结构能够提高流体加速效果和涡轮转速，但由于水动力损失和机械效率限制，实验结果与模拟结果之间仍存在一定差异。总体而言，本研究验证了基于 NACA 4415 翼型的导流式水动力涡轮机在低流速河流环境中用于分布式可再生能源发电的可行性与有效性，并为小型水动力发电系统的设计优化和工程应用提供了重要的实验数据支持。
Keywords: energy sufficiency and security; hydrokinetic turbine; renewable energy; diffuser-augmented; clean energy
关键词：能源自给与能源安全；水动力涡轮机；可再生能源；扩散器增强；清洁能源
How to Cite: Pepito, M. L. M. B., Ignalig, K. B., Becoy, I. K. E., Tadifa, K. J. D., & Lumasag, J. K. P. (2026). Design, CFD analysis, and experimental validation of a NACA 4415 ducted hydrokinetic turbine for low-velocity river applications. Innovation in Engineering, 3(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.43
Developing a robotics-based advocacy framework for electronics engineering using an integrated KANO–IPA–QFD approach
基于 KANO–IPA–QFD 集成方法构建电子工程专业机器人教育推广框架
Helen Grace Gonzales, Alenogines L. San Diego, Consorcio Namoco
College of Technology, University of Science & Technology of Southern Philippines, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.47
Abstract
Electronics Engineering (ECE) remains strategically important to national technological capability and workforce development in the Philippines, yet student interest in the field is often weak and insufficiently structured. Although educational robotics has been widely associated with positive STEM-related outcomes, fewer studies have examined robotics as a discipline-specific advocacy strategy, and even fewer have translated student-valued robotics attributes into a structured framework for promoting a specific engineering discipline. Addressing this gap, this study developed a Robotics-Based Advocacy Framework for Electronics Engineering using an integrated KANO Model, Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach within a multiphase mixed-method framework development design. In Phase 1, 25 robotics learning attributes were analyzed. KANO results identified three Attractive attributes, hands-on robot building, sensor integration, and confidence-building tasks, while Better–Worse analysis showed the highest satisfaction gains for affordable robotics kits (56.19%), sensor integration (55.56%), and hands-on robot building (55.14%), with the strongest dissatisfaction risk found in clear learning modules and tutorials (-23.36%). IPA showed that 14 attributes were located in Quadrant I, while only community-centered robotics (F22) fell in Quadrant II, marking it as the primary enhancement area. QFD ranked Experiential Robotics Ecosystem first (64.5422; 22.32%), followed by Structured Curriculum Framework (54.9790; 19.02%), Faculty Development (31.5294; 10.91%), and Mentorship and Industry Linkages (30.0270; 10.39%). In Phase 2, pilot results showed positive mean gains across five domains, with the overall mean increasing from 3.02 to 3.44. The study produced a theory-informed, learner-centered, and data-driven advocacy framework, with pilot findings providing preliminary support for its practical relevance.
摘要
电子工程（Electronics Engineering，ECE）对于提升菲律宾国家科技能力和培养工程技术人才仍具有重要战略意义。然而，学生对该专业的兴趣普遍不足，且缺乏系统性的培养与引导。尽管教育机器人（Educational Robotics）已被广泛证明能够促进 STEM 教育成效，但将机器人技术作为特定工程学科推广策略的研究仍然较少，更少有研究能够将学生重视的机器人教育属性转化为用于推广特定工程专业的系统化框架。针对这一研究空白，本研究采用多阶段混合研究框架开发设计，整合 KANO 模型、重要性–绩效分析（Importance Performance Analysis，IPA）和质量功能展开（Quality Function Deployment，QFD）方法，构建了电子工程专业机器人教育推广框架。在第一阶段，研究分析了 25 项机器人学习属性。KANO 分析结果识别出三项魅力型属性，包括机器人动手搭建、传感器集成以及增强学习信心的实践任务；Better–Worse 分析显示，经济实惠的机器人套件（56.19%）、传感器集成（55.56%）和机器人动手搭建（55.14%）能够带来最高的满意度提升，而清晰的学习模块与教程具有最高的不满意风险（-23.36%）。IPA 分析结果表明，14 项属性位于第一象限，仅有“社区导向机器人活动”（F22）位于第二象限，被确定为优先改进项目。QFD 排序结果显示，“体验式机器人生态系统”排名第一（64.5422；22.32%），其次为“结构化课程框架”（54.9790；19.02%）、“教师专业发展”（31.5294；10.91%）以及“导师指导与产业合作”（30.0270；10.39%）。在第二阶段的试点应用中，五个评价维度均表现出积极提升，总体平均得分由 3.02 提高至 3.44。本研究最终构建了一个以理论为基础、以学习者为中心且以数据驱动的电子工程专业机器人教育推广框架，试点研究结果进一步验证了该框架在实际应用中的可行性和实践价值。
Keywords: electronics engineering; robotics-based advocacy; educational robotics; industry 4.0; importance performance analysis
关键词：电子工程；机器人教育推广；教育机器人；工业 4.0；重要性–绩效分析
How to Cite: Gonzales, H. G., Diego, A. L. S., & Namoco, C. (2026). Developing a robotics-based advocacy framework for electronics engineering using an integrated KANO–IPA–QFD approach. Innovation in Engineering, 3(1), 24–54. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.47
Performance evaluation of ethanol-derived waste cooking oil biodiesel in a forced-draft commercial burner system
乙醇法废食用油生物柴油在强制送风商用燃烧器系统中的性能评估
Ma. Leona Maye B. Pepito, Jasper V. Acierto, Katrina Mae S. Raiz, Lance Erroyl J. Sambaan, Alyssa Mae S. Tabasa
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.44
Abstract
The improper disposal of waste cooking oil (WCO) presents significant environmental challenges, yet its potential as a renewable fuel remains underutilized. This study optimized the conversion of WCO into biodiesel through a two-step esterification and transesterification process and evaluated its performance in a commercial burner system compared to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The process employed acid-catalyzed esterification followed by alkaline transesterification using ethanol and potassium hydroxide, with ethanol-to-oil molar ratios of 11:1, 12:1, and 13:1. The 13:1 ratio was identified as optimal, yielding 165.85 g of crude biodiesel per 100 g of oil with reduced glycerol formation. Physicochemical characterization revealed a flash point of 160°C and a calorific value of 35.65 MJ/kg, satisfying key ASTM D6751 requirements. However, the density of 0.9756 g/mL exceeded the standard range, suggesting the presence of residual ethanol and the need for improved post-treatment purification. Performance testing showed that the biodiesel-fueled burner heated 1 L of water in 381.33 s, compared to 420.67 s for LPG, demonstrating enhanced heating performance. The system achieved a thermal efficiency of 19.46% and a specific fuel consumption of 1.48 MJ/L. Emission analysis confirmed complete combustion, with carbon monoxide levels of 22.3 ppm and zero hydrocarbon emissions. The improved performance is attributed to the use of a forced-draft burner system, which enhances fuel atomization and combustion stability. Overall, the results demonstrate that transesterified WCO is a viable and cleaner alternative to conventional fossil fuels, offering a practical waste-to-energy solution for small-scale commercial cooking applications.
摘要
废食用油（Waste Cooking Oil，WCO）的不当处置会带来严重的环境问题，但其作为可再生燃料的潜力尚未得到充分利用。本研究通过两步法酯化与酯交换工艺优化了废食用油制备生物柴油的过程，并将其在商用燃烧器系统中的性能与液化石油气（Liquefied Petroleum Gas，LPG）进行了比较。制备工艺首先采用酸催化酯化，随后采用乙醇和氢氧化钾进行碱催化酯交换反应，设置乙醇与油脂摩尔比分别为 11:1、12:1 和 13:1。研究结果表明，13:1 为最佳摩尔比，每 100 g 废食用油可获得 165.85 g 粗生物柴油，同时甘油副产物生成量较低。理化性能测试结果显示，该生物柴油的闪点为 160°C，低位热值为 35.65 MJ/kg，满足 ASTM D6751 标准中的主要要求。然而，其密度为 0.9756 g/mL，高于标准规定范围，表明产品中可能仍残留乙醇，需进一步优化后处理纯化工艺。燃烧性能测试结果表明，采用生物柴油燃料的燃烧器将 1 L 水加热至目标温度所需时间为 381.33 s，而 LPG 为 420.67 s，显示出生物柴油具有更优的加热性能。系统热效率达到 19.46%，单位体积燃料比能耗为 1.48 MJ/L。排放测试结果表明，燃烧过程较为充分，一氧化碳排放浓度仅为 22.3 ppm，碳氢化合物排放为零。性能提升主要归因于强制送风燃烧器系统改善了燃料雾化效果和燃烧稳定性。总体而言，酯交换制备的废食用油生物柴油是一种可行且更加清洁的传统化石燃料替代品，可为小规模商业烹饪提供一种切实可行的废弃物能源化利用方案。
Keywords: waste cooking oil; biodiesel; ethanol-based transesterification; forced-draft burner; combustion performance
关键词：废食用油；生物柴油；乙醇法酯交换；强制送风燃烧器；燃烧性能
How to Cite: Pepito, M. L. M. B., Acierto, J. V., Raiz, K. M. S., Sambaan, L. E. J., & Tabasa, A. M. S. (2026). Performance evaluation of ethanol-derived waste cooking oil biodiesel in a forced-draft commercial burner system. Innovation in Engineering, 3(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.44
Extended drain interval performance of SAE 15W40 CI-4 diesel engine oil under plain and inclined terrain operations
SAE 15W40 CI-4 柴油机油在平坦与坡地工况下延长换油周期性能评估
Kim Michael Angelo R. Miraflores
College of Engineering, Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.45
Abstract
Engine oil plays a critical role in ensuring efficient engine operation and prolonging service life by reducing friction, dissipating heat, and protecting components from wear. This study evaluates the performance of SAE 15W40 mineral multigrade diesel engine oil operated beyond the original equipment manufacturer’s recommended drain interval under varying terrain conditions. Four passenger buses powered by Yuchai, Weichai, and Cummins engines were subjected to a 20,000-kilometer road test covering inclined and plain terrain without oil or filter replacement. Oil condition was assessed using standardized ASTM methods for kinematic viscosity and Total Base Number (TBN). Viscosity values at both 40°C and 100°C remained within acceptable limits throughout the extended interval. TBN values remained above 50% of the fresh oil baseline, indicating retention of alkalinity reserve and additive effectiveness. These results demonstrate that SAE 15W40 diesel engine oil can maintain functional integrity up to 20,000 km under mixed terrain conditions.
摘要
发动机机油通过降低摩擦、散发热量以及保护零部件免受磨损，在保证发动机高效运行和延长使用寿命方面发挥着关键作用。本研究评估了 SAE 15W40 CI-4 矿物型多级柴油机油在超过原始设备制造商（Original Equipment Manufacturer，OEM）推荐换油周期条件下、不同地形工况中的使用性能。研究选取搭载玉柴（Yuchai）、潍柴（Weichai）和康明斯（Cummins）发动机的四辆客车，在不更换机油和机油滤清器的情况下完成了覆盖平坦道路与坡地道路的 20,000 km 行驶试验。采用 ASTM 标准方法对机油运动黏度（Kinematic Viscosity）和总碱值（Total Base Number，TBN）进行检测，以评价机油状态。研究结果表明，在整个延长换油周期内，40°C 和 100°C 下的运动黏度均保持在允许范围内；总碱值始终高于新机油基准值的 50%，表明机油仍保持足够的碱储备能力和添加剂有效性。研究结果证明，在平坦与坡地混合工况下，SAE 15W40 CI-4 柴油机油能够在最长 20,000 km 的延长换油周期内维持良好的使用性能和功能完整性。
Keywords: diesel engine oil; extended drain interval; oil condition monitoring; viscosity; TBN
关键词：柴油机油；延长换油周期；机油状态监测；黏度；总碱值
How to Cite: Miraflores, K. M. A. R. (2026). Extended drain interval performance of SAE 15W40 CI-4 diesel engine oil under plain and inclined terrain operations. Innovation in Engineering, 3(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i1.45
