Economic influence of corrosion on mild steel in an industrial setup: An overview

Samuel Adebanji Ajayi; Olufemi Ajide; Abideen T. Oyewo; Ejiroghene Onokpite; Agberegha Larry Orobome; Christian O. Osueke

doi:10.58712/ie.v3i2.48

Authors

Samuel Adebanji Ajayi Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Nigeria
Olufemi Ajide Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Abideen T. Oyewo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osun State University, Nigeria
Ejiroghene Onokpite Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nigeria Maritime University, Nigeria
Agberegha Larry Orobome Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Nigeria
Christian O. Osueke Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58712/ie.v3i2.48

Keywords:

corrosion, economics, mild steel, maintenance and environment

Abstract

Most manufacturing industries throughout the world are facing many corrosion problems. Contaminants such as CO₂and H₂S which deteriorate pipe lines and machine components made from mild steel are the major challenge of these industries. Corrosion is a pervasive and financially detrimental process that significantly impacts industrial operations, with mild steel being particularly susceptible due to its widespread use and inherent reactivity. This paper examines the multifaceted economic influence of mild steel corrosion within an industrial setting, distinguishing between direct and indirect costs. The direct economic burden includes expenses related to frequent maintenance, repair, and premature replacement of corroded assets, as well as capital costs associated with overdesign and the implementation of corrosion control measures. Indirect costs, often more substantial and difficult to quantify, encompass losses from production downtime, decreased operational efficiency, product contamination, and environmental cleanup. By synthesizing data from various industrial sectors, this paper highlights that the total cost of corrosion represents a considerable percentage of a nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Proactive corrosion management, including the strategic use of coatings, cathodic protection, and material selection, is identified as a critical factor in mitigating these financial losses and enhancing the longevity, safety, and profitability of industrial infrastructure.

References

N. Perez, “Electrochemical Corrosion,” in Materials Science: Theory and Engineering, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024, pp. 835–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57152-7_16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57152-7_16

M. K. Pal and M. Lavanya, “Corrosion of mild steel: a microbiological point of view,” Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 292–308, Jul. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2022.2046907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2022.2046907

G. S. Frankel et al., “A comparative review of the aqueous corrosion of glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 2, no. 1. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-018-0037-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-018-0037-2

D. I. R?u??, E. Matei, and S. M. Avramescu, “Recent Development of Corrosion Inhibitors: Types, Mechanisms, Electrochemical Behavior, Efficiency, and Environmental Impact,” Technologies, vol. 13, no. 3. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13030103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13030103

H. M. H. Farh, M. E. A. Ben Seghier, and T. Zayed, “A comprehensive review of corrosion protection and control techniques for metallic pipelines,” Eng. Fail. Anal., vol. 143, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106885 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106885

Y. Yu, C. Zhang, Z. Chen, and C. W. Lim, “Relaxation and mixed mode oscillations in a shape memory alloy oscillator driven by parametric and external excitations,” Chaos Solitons Fractals, vol. 140, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110145

R. Bender et al., “Corrosion challenges towards a sustainable society,” Materials and Corrosion, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. 1730–1751, Nov. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202213140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202213140

J. Nogara and S. J. Zarrouk, “Corrosion in geothermal environment: Part 1: Fluids and their impact,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 82. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.098

S. Ajayi, P. Ikubanni, P. Onu, T. A. Adekanye, A. T. Oyewo, and O. Ajide, “Investigation of corrosion, hardness, and wear rate of rice husk-zinc composite coating on A36 steel using dual anode electrolytic deposition technique,” Teknomekanik, vol. 8, no. 2, 2025, https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i2.42172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i2.42172

H. M. Hussein Farh, M. E. A. Ben Seghier, R. Taiwo, and T. Zayed, “Analysis and ranking of corrosion causes for water pipelines: a critical review,” npj Clean Water, vol. 6, no. 1. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-023-00275-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-023-00275-5

D. C. R. Velasco, V. P. D. Gonçalves, M. P. Oliveira, N. T. Simonassi, F. P. D. Lopes, and C. M. F. Vieira, “Industrial Piping System: Design and Corrosion Protection,” Surfaces, vol. 8, no. 1. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8010018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8010018

T. Prošek, P. Keil, and K. Popova, “Corrosion Protection and Sustainability: Why Are the Two Concepts Inherently Intertwined,” Corrosion and Materials Degradation, vol. 6, no. 3, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6030038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6030038

K. Sun et al., “Research Progress on the Corrosion Mechanism and Protection Monitoring of Metal in Power Equipment,” Coatings, vol. 15, no. 2. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020119

S. Xu, F. Li, C. Du, D. Ju, Y. Hou, and X. Li, “Smart material design via accelerated corrosion evaluation: convergence of high-throughput characterization and AI-driven prediction in marine engineering,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 9, no. 1. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00663-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00663-x

P. Kumari and M. Lavanya, “Optimization Strategies for Corrosion Management in Industries with Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Technology: A Comprehensive Review,” J. Bio Tribocorros., vol. 10, no. 3, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-024-00863-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-024-00863-z

J. K. Emmanuel, “Corrosion protection of mild steel in corrosive media, a shift from synthetic to natural corrosion inhibitors: a review,” Bull. Natl. Res. Cent., vol. 48, no. 1, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-024-01181-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-024-01181-7

S. Antony Jose et al., “Wear- and Corrosion-Resistant Coatings for Extreme Environments: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives,” Coatings, vol. 15, no. 8. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080878

S. Sharma et al., “Advanced zinc-polymer composites for marine corrosion protection and self-healing,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 9, no. 1. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00698-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00698-0

O. S. I. Fayomi, I. G. Akande, and S. Odigie, “Economic Impact of Corrosion in Oil Sectors and Prevention: An Overview,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037

R. Aslam, M. Mobin, S. Zehra, and J. Aslam, “A comprehensive review of corrosion inhibitors employed to mitigate stainless steel corrosion in different environments,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 364. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119992 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119992

H. Kania, “Corrosion and Anticorrosion of Alloys/Metals: The Important Global Issue,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 216, Jan. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020216

S. A. Ajayi, P. Onu, N. S. Madonsela, A. Pradhan, O. O. Ajide, and O. O. Oluwole, “A Dual-Anode Electrolytic Codecomposition Approach to Enhance A36 Steel Properties With Zn-13, Rice Husk, and White Clay Coatings,” Material Design and Processing Communications, vol. 2025, no. 1, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1155/mdp2/5415075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/mdp2/5415075

A. H. Al-Moubaraki and I. B. Obot, “Corrosion challenges in petroleum refinery operations: Sources, mechanisms, mitigation, and future outlook,” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, vol. 25, no. 12. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101370 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101370

B. Valdez et al., “Corrosion Control in Industry,” in Environmental and Industrial Corrosion - Practical and Theoretical Aspects, InTech, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/51987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/45617

B. Kanagaraj, R. Priyanka, N. Anand, T. Kiran, A. D. Andrushia, and E. Lubloy, “A sustainable solution for mitigating environmental corrosion in the construction sector and its socio-economic concern,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 20, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03089

M. M. Hamasha et al., “Author Correction: Strategical selection of maintenance type under different conditions,” Sci. Rep., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 17645, Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44336-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44336-8

A. R. Moshaweh, M. F. Al Shahrani, and L. S. Teh, “Cost of Corrosion: Key Performance Indicator,” Mater. Perform., vol. 59, no. 4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2020_59_4-50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5006/MP2020_59_4-50

N. G. Thompson, M. Yunovich, and D. Dunmire, “Cost of corrosion and corrosion maintenance strategies,” Corrosion Reviews, vol. 25, no. 3–4, pp. 247–262, Aug. 2007, https://doi.org/10.1515/CORRREV.2007.25.3-4.247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/CORRREV.2007.25.3-4.247

T. N. Guma and D. O. Dele, “Advances in Corrosion Monitoring Techniques,” 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1011118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1011118

A. R. Prasad, A. Kunyankandy, and A. Joseph, “Corrosion inhibition in oil and gas industry: Economic considerations,” in Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527822140.ch5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527822140.ch5

V. A. Solovyeva, K. H. Almuhammadi, and W. O. Badeghaish, “Current Downhole Corrosion Control Solutions and Trends in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 5. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051795

O. D. Ogunleye, O. A. Odulanmi, and O. S. I. Fayomi, “Corrosion Characteristics and Passive Behavioral Responses,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1107, no. 1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012234

F. Malaret, “Semi-Quantitative Categorization Method for the Corrosion Behavior of Metals Based on Immersion Test,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 4, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040409

T. Zhu, S. Zhu, T. Zheng, H. Ding, W. Song, and C. Li, “HEU-Net: hybrid attention residual block-based network with external skip connections for metal corrosion semantic segmentation,” Visual Computer, vol. 40, no. 2, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02846-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02846-6

A. Anbazhakan, C. Sarangapani, and S. Palanisamy, “Effect of corrosion inhibitors on bond strength of reinforced concrete under various exposure conditions,” Revista Materia, vol. 30, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-rmat-2024-0888

S. KM, B. M. Praveen, and B. K. Devendra, “A review on corrosion inhibitors: Types, mechanisms, electrochemical analysis, corrosion rate and efficiency of corrosion inhibitors on mild steel in an acidic environment,” Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 16, p. 100258, Aug. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100258

R. Melchers, “A Review of Trends for Corrosion Loss and Pit Depth in Longer-Term Exposures,” Corrosion and Materials Degradation, vol. 1, no. 1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd1010004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd1010004

A. Berradja, “Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Monitoring: Fundamentals of Electrolytic Corrosion,” in Corrosion Inhibitors, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85392 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85392

C. Elena, P. Chiara, B. Gianni, and M. Alessandra, “Corrosion attack in existing reinforced concrete structures: in-field investigation and analysis of naturally corroded bars,” Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, vol. 57, no. 10, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02477-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02477-w

G. T. Burstein, C. Liu, R. M. Souto, and S. P. Vines, “Origins of pitting corrosion,” in Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1179/147842204225016859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/147842204225016859

K. V. Akpanyung and R. T. Loto, “Pitting corrosion evaluation: A review,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022088

D. Xu, W. Zhang, L. Han, X. Liu, and W. Hu, “Application of Sensor Path Weighting RAPID Algorithm on Pitting Corrosion Monitoring of Aluminum Plate,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 11, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113887

F. King, M. Kolà?, S. Briggs, M. Behazin, P. Keech, and N. Diomidis, “Review of the Modelling of Corrosion Processes and Lifetime Prediction for HLW/SF Containers—Part 1: Process Models,” Corrosion and Materials Degradation, vol. 5, no. 2. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd5020007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd5020007

C. O. Harper, J. L. Brown, and R. T. Amos, “Corrosion processes affecting copper-coated used fuel containers for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel: critical review of the state-of-knowledge,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 8, no. 1. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00540-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00540-z

J. Taheri-Shakib and A. Al-Mayah, “4D evolutions of cracks, voids, and corrosion products in reinforced concrete materials,” Sci. Rep., vol. 13, no. 1, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48058-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48058-9

M. Cooney and R. Hoffman, “Forms of Corrosion,” in Failure Analysis and Prevention, ASM International, 2021, pp. 479–517. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783

M. Y. Tan, Localized corrosion in complex environments. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119778639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119778639

T. W. Quadri et al., “State-of-the-art progress on artificial intelligence and machine learning in accessing molecular coordination and adsorption of corrosion inhibitors,” Appl. Phys. Rev., vol. 12, no. 1, Mar. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0228503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0228503

Q. Wu, X. Li, J. Xu, G. Wang, W. Shi, and S. Wang, “Size distribution model and development characteristics of corrosion pits in concrete under two curing methods,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 11, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12111846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12111846

R. E. Melchers, “Predicting long-term corrosion of metal alloys in physical infrastructure,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 3, no. 1. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-018-0066-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-018-0066-x

X. Liu, B. Yan, and H. Sun, “Fatigue Life Prediction of High Strength Steel with Pitting Corrosion under Three-Point Bending Load,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 11, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111839 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111839

X. Jiang, Y. Yan, and Y. Su, “Data-driven pitting evolution prediction for corrosion-resistant alloys by time-series analysis,” Npj Mater. Degrad., vol. 6, no. 1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00307-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00307-4

S. F. Wika, “Pitting and Crevice Corrosion of Stainless Steel under Offshore Conditions,” Institutt for Materialteknologi, no. July, 2012.

M. M. Farag, Materials and process selection for engineering design: Third edition. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b16047

R. M. Carranza and M. A. Rodríguez, “Crevice corrosion of nickel-based alloys considered as engineering barriers of geological repositories,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 1, no. 1. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-017-0010-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-017-0010-5

M. Ali et al., “Corrosion-related failures in heat exchangers,” Corrosion Reviews, vol. 39, no. 6. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0073

N. Eliaz, “Corrosion of metallic biomaterials: A review,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 3. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030407

M. Petrunin, T. Yurasova, A. Rybkina, and L. Maksaeva, “Specifics and Methods of Inhibiting the Underfilm Corrosion of Carbon Steel,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 16, no. 6, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16060780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16060780

A. Cristoforetti, S. Rossi, F. Deflorian, and M. Fedel, “Recent progress in understanding filiform corrosion on organic coated steel: A comprehensive review,” Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 192. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2024.108469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2024.108469

J. Guerra, J. Lechón, A. Palacios, A. Martínez, E. Ormeño-Mejía, and J. Barzola, “Computational Study of Nanotechnological Coatings to Minimize Corrosion in Galvanized Steel Elements of the Electrical Distribution Grid,” in Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98290-3_25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98290-3_25

W. Cong et al., “Preparation of corrosion-resistant CoMIx/SA superhydrophobic coating based on ZIF-67 modified rosette-like microstructure on zinc alloy surface,” Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1108/ACMM-03-2025-3202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ACMM-03-2025-3202

E. Mysliu, I. Taji, and A. Erbe, “A review of filiform corrosion and its prevention on polymer-coated aluminium alloys,” RSC Applied Interfaces, vol. 2, no. 2. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4lf00231h DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00231H

R. de C. F. Soares da Silva et al., “Application of Pseudomonas cepacia CCT 6659 Biosurfactant as a Metal Corrosion Inhibitor in a Constructed Accelerated Corrosion Chamber (ACC),” Fermentation, vol. 10, no. 12, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120602

T. O. Alao, K. T. Alao, O. R. Alara, and V. D. Ola, “A Comprehensive Review of Corrosion Failure Mechanisms in Advanced Materials: Microscopic Insights and Durability Under Extreme Conditions,” High Temperature Corrosion of Materials, vol. 103, no. 1. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-025-10358-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-025-10358-y

A. Groysman, “Corrosion Phenomena,” in Corrosion for Everybody, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3477-9_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3477-9

Z. Ahmad, “Selection of materials for corrosive environment,” in Principles of Corrosion Engineering and Corrosion Control, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-075065924-6/50010-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075065924-6/50010-6

L. Calabrese, E. Proverbio, E. Pollicino, G. Galtieri, and C. Borsellino, “Effect of Galvanic corrosion on durability of aluminium/steel self-piercing rivet joints,” Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1179/1743278214Y.0000000168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/1743278214Y.0000000168

P. Pedeferri, “Galvanic Corrosion,” 2018, pp. 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97625-9_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97625-9_10

R. Seeber, C. Zanardi, and G. Inzelt, “Links between electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics,” ChemTexts, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 18, Dec. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-015-0018-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-015-0018-9

H. M. Irshad, I. U. Toor, H. M. Badr, and M. A. Samad, “Evaluating the Flow Accelerated Corrosion and Erosion–Corrosion Behavior of a Pipeline Grade Carbon Steel (AISI 1030) for Sustainable Operations,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 8, p. 4819, Apr. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084819

L. Zeng, G. Chen, and H. Chen, “Comparative study on flow-accelerated corrosion and erosion-corrosion at a 90° carbon steel bend,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 7, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/MA13071780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071780

M. A. Diaz-Mateus, L. L. Machuca, H. Farhat, and S. J. Salgar-Chaparro, “Synergistic corrosion effects of magnetite and microorganisms: microbial community dependency,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 108, no. 1, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-024-13086-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-024-13086-6

T. Wan and S. Saito, “Flow-accelerated corrosion of type 316L stainless steel caused by turbulent lead–bismuth eutectic flow,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 8, no. 8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080627

Y. Fang, X. Li, X. Li, Y. Guo, and H. Liu, “Effect of Pipe Wall Wear Defects on the Flow Characteristics of Slurry Shield Discharge Pipe,” Lubricants, vol. 13, no. 2, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13020068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13020068

M. L. C. Lim, R. G. Kelly, and J. R. Scully, “Overview of intergranular corrosion mechanisms, phenomenological observations, and modeling of AA5083,” in Corrosion, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/1818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5006/1818

Z. Xiao, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, W. Hu, Q. Wang, and C. Hu, “The Role of Grain Boundaries in the Corrosion Process of Fe Surface: Insights from ReaxFF Molecular Dynamic Simulations,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 5, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050876

H. Balasooriya, C. Li, and F. Wang, “Understanding Steel Corrosion: Surface Chemistry and Defects Explored Through DFT Modelling—A Review,” Processes, vol. 13, no. 7. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13071971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13071971

C. Zhang, L. Lin, R. Chen, L. Zhang, and Z. Shao, “Grain Boundary Engineering and Its Effect on Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of a Ni-Cr-Mo Based C276 Superalloy,” Crystals (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 11, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111625

Y. Qiu et al., “Influence of Grain Boundary Precipitates on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of 7050 Al Alloys,” Coatings, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020249

Y. Shi, H. Xue, G. A. M. Mersal, A. S. A. Almalki, A. Alhadhrami, and F. Tang, “Rhenium-repulsion induced desegregation of nonmetallic impurities and de-embrittling effect on the Ni ?11 [110] (113) grain boundary,” Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater., vol. 8, no. 1, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-01183-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-01183-z

S. J. Horstemeyer, L. A. Jordan, H. J. Martin, W. S. Strasser, H. E. Cho, and M. F. Horstemeyer, “Geometric Effects and Boundary Condition Issues in the Corrosion of Magnesium,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 11, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111246

L. Ma, K. Eom, J. Geringer, T. S. Jun, and K. Kim, “Literature review on fretting wear and contact mechanics of tribological coatings,” Coatings, vol. 9, no. 8. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080501

V. Swaminathan and J. L. Gilbert, “Potential and frequency effects on fretting corrosion of Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo surfaces,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, vol. 101 A, no. 9, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34564

A. N. Mustafa, O. M. Ali, and O. R. Alomar, “Effect of Heavy Fuel Combustion in a Gas Power Plant on Turbine Performance: A Review,” International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics, vol. 17, no. 1. 2022. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170113

A. Volkov, U. Kologrieva, and P. Stulov, “Study of Forms of Compounds of Vanadium and Other Elements in Samples of Pyrometallurgical Enrichment of Ash from Burning Oil Combustion at Thermal Power Plants,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 23, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238596

P. Rao and L. Mulky, “Erosion-Corrosion of Materials in Industrial Equipment: A Review,” ChemElectroChem, vol. 10, no. 16. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300152

S. Akramian Zadeh, “Erosion-corrosion,” in Introduction to Corrosion - Basics and Advances, IntechOpen, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109106

R. K. Upadhyay, “External Geological Agents of Earth,” 2025, pp. 213–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0598-9_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0598-9_4

R. Khan, H. H. Ya, and W. Pao, “An experimental study on the erosion-corrosion performance of AISI 1018 carbon steel and AISI 304L stainless steel 90-degree elbow pipe,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 9, no. 12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121260

R. Zhang et al., “Modeling and Durability Behavior of Erosion-Corrosion of Sand Control Screens in Deepwater Gas Wells,” ACS Omega, vol. 6, no. 37, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02960

R. Songbo et al., “Fractal characteristic of corroded steel surface and application to the fracture analyses,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 340, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127759

A. Tabatabaeian, A. R. Ghasemi, M. M. Shokrieh, B. Marzbanrad, M. Baraheni, and M. Fotouhi, “Residual Stress in Engineering Materials: A Review,” Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 24, no. 3. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100786

O. Falodun, S. Oke, and M. Bodunrin, “A comprehensive review of residual stresses in carbon steel welding: formation mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and advanced post-weld heat treatment techniques,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 136, no. 10. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-15088-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-15088-8

F. Min, Z. Yao, and T. Jiang, “Experimental and numerical study on tensile strength of concrete under different strain rates,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/173531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/173531

L. Zhou, Z. Ma, H. Xie, W. Yang, and H. Zheng, “Numerical Simulation Experimental Study of the Deformation and Failure of Granite with Multiaxial Tension,” Processes, vol. 10, no. 5, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050949

R. Javaherdashti, “Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC),” 2017, pp. 29–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44306-5_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44306-5_4

J. Telegdi, A. Shaban, and L. Trif, “Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC),” in Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 191–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101105-8.00008-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101105-8.00008-5

M. S. Khan et al., “Microorganisms Involved in the Biodegradation and Microbiological Corrosion of Structural Materials,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 10. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101683

T. Wirtanen, T. Prenzel, J. P. Tessonnier, and S. R. Waldvogel, “Cathodic Corrosion of Metal Electrodes—How to Prevent It in Electroorganic Synthesis,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 121, no. 17. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148

B. Satritama et al., “Hydrogen Plasma for Low-Carbon Extractive Metallurgy: Oxides Reduction, Metals Refining, and Wastes Processing,” Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, vol. 10, no. 4. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-024-00915-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-024-00915-1

O. O. Odeyemi and P. A. Alaba, “Efficient and reliable corrosion control for subsea assets: Challenges in the design and testing of corrosion probes in aggressive marine environments,” Corrosion Reviews, vol. 43, no. 1. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2024-0046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2024-0046

H. Aljibori, A. Al-Amiery, and W. N. R. Isahak, “Advancements in Corrosion Prevention Techniques,” J. Bio Tribocorros., vol. 10, no. 4, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-024-00882-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-024-00882-w

S. Zehra, M. Mobin, and R. Aslam, “Corrosion prevention and protection methods,” in Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors, Elsevier, 2022, pp. 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91176-4.00023-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91176-4.00023-4

A. A. Al-Amiery, W. N. R. W. Isahak, and W. K. Al-Azzawi, “Corrosion Inhibitors: Natural and Synthetic Organic Inhibitors,” Lubricants, vol. 11, no. 4. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040174

U. M. Angst, “Challenges and opportunities in corrosion of steel in concrete,” Mater. Struct., vol. 51, no. 1, p. 4, Feb. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1131-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1131-6

C. Andrade, “Propagation of reinforcement corrosion: principles, testing and modelling,” Mater. Struct., vol. 52, no. 1, p. 2, Feb. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1301-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1301-1

H. S. Aljibori, A. Alamiery, and A. A. H. Kadhum, “Advances in corrosion protection coatings: A comprehensive review,” International Journal of Corrosion and Scale Inhibition, vol. 12, no. 4. 2023. https://doi.org/10.17675/2305-6894-2023-12-4-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17675/2305-6894-2023-12-4-6

S. Papavinasam, “Key performance indicators for effective and economical corrosion control,” in NACE - International Corrosion Conference Series, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-08823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5006/C2017-08823

L. Wang et al., “Current Status Review of Corrosion Resistance Applications of Titanium Alloys in the Petroleum Industry,” Coatings, vol. 14, no. 8. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080941 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080941

J. Ken and B. Balangao, “Corrosion of Metals: Factors, Types and Prevention Strategies,” 2024.

S. Feliu and F. García-Galvan, “Corrosion and Protection of Metallic Materials,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 4, p. 346, Mar. 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040346

I. A. W. Ma, S. Ammar, S. S. A. Kumar, K. Ramesh, and S. Ramesh, “A concise review on corrosion inhibitors: types, mechanisms and electrochemical evaluation studies,” Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, vol. 19, no. 1. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-021-00547-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-021-00547-0

D. Puzikova et al., “Review of organic corrosion inhibitors: application with respect to the main functional group,” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, vol. 29, no. 4. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44442-025-00021-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44442-025-00021-1

Z. Zuo, J. Zhang, K. Mathivanan, F. Wang, J. Duan, and B. Hou, “Advances in understanding biofilm-based marine microbial corrosion,” Corrosion Reviews, vol. 43, no. 3. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2024-0033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2024-0033

B. R. Manu, A. Gupta, and A. H. Jayatissa, “Tribological properties of 2D materials and composites- A review of recent advances,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 7. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071630

S. Sakthinathan et al., “A Review of Thin-Film Growth, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospects,” Processes, vol. 13, no. 2. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020587

W. H. Binder, “The Past 40 Years of Macromolecular Sciences: Reflections on Challenges in Synthetic Polymer and Material Science,” Macromolecular Rapid Communications, vol. 40, no. 1. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201800610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201800610

A. Baptista, F. Silva, J. Porteiro, J. Míguez, and G. Pinto, “Sputtering physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings: A critical review on process improvement andmarket trend demands,” Coatings, vol. 8, no. 11. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/COATINGS8110402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110402

M. A. Butt, “Thin-Film Coating Methods: A Successful Marriage of High-Quality and Cost-Effectiveness—A Brief Exploration,” Coatings, vol. 12, no. 8. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081115

P. Panjan, A. Drnovšek, P. Gselman, M. ?ekada, and M. Panjan, “Review of growth defects in thin films prepared by PVD techniques,” Coatings, vol. 10, no. 5. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/COATINGS10050447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050447

M. Heydari Gharahcheshmeh, “Fabrication of Conjugated Conducting Polymers by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method,” Nanomaterials, vol. 15, no. 6. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060452

?. ?ach and D. Svyetlichnyy, “Recent Progress in Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling for Chemical Vapor Deposition Processes,” Energies , vol. 17, no. 13. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133267

M. Sabzi et al., “A Review on Sustainable Manufacturing of Ceramic-Based Thin Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): Reactions Kinetics and the Deposition Mechanisms,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 1. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010188

B. Hou et al., “The cost of corrosion in China,” Npj Mater. Degrad., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 4, Jul. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-017-0005-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-017-0005-2

M. Vakili, P. Koutník, and J. Kohout, “Addressing Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion in Oil and Gas Industries: A Sustainable Perspective,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 16, no. 4. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041661

S. Yadav et al., “Green nanoparticles for advanced corrosion protection: Current perspectives and future prospects,” Applied Surface Science Advances, vol. 21, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2024.100605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2024.100605

E. Khamis, T. E. Reyad, and D. E. Abd-El-Khalek, “Corrosion assessment and mitigation in wastewater systems: a comprehensive review,” npj Materials Degradation, vol. 9, no. 1. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00645-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00645-z

P. J. Lloreda-Jurado and E. Chicardi, “Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Zn–Al–Mg-Coated Steel in Corrosive Heterogeneous Soil,” Crystals (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 8, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080738

H. M. Yang, “Role of organic and eco-friendly inhibitors on the corrosion mitigation of steel in acidic environments—a state-of-art review,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113473

M. Pastrafidou, V. Binas, and I. A. Kartsonakis, “Designing the Next Generation: A Physical Chemistry Approach to Surface Coating Materials,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 15, no. 19. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910817

N. U. Sharif et al., “Advancing renewable functional coatings: sustainable solutions for modern material challenges,” Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, vol. 23, no. 1. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-025-01147-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-025-01147-y

W. Tian, J. Deng, S. A. Higazy, M. S. Selim, and H. Jin, “Self-Healing Anti-Corrosion Coatings: Challenges and Opportunities from Laboratory Breakthroughs to Industrial Realization,” Coatings, vol. 15, no. 6. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060620

W. Niu et al., “Research Progress of Self-Healing Coatings on Ships Against Biological Pollution: A Review,” Coatings, vol. 15, no. 4. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15040486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15040486

A. Thakur, S. Kaya, and A. Kumar, “Recent Trends in the Characterization and Application Progress of Nano-Modified Coatings in Corrosion Mitigation of Metals and Alloys,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 2. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020730

A. Aminzadeh et al., “A Machine Learning Implementation to Predictive Maintenance and Monitoring of Industrial Compressors,” Sensors, vol. 25, no. 4, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041006